CRISPR/CAS-MEDIATED BIOFORTIFICATION OF WHEAT FOR ENHANCED ZINC AND IRON CONTENT UNDER CLIMATE- RESILIENT FARMING SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

This study examined the effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas-mediated biofortification in enhancing zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) content in wheat grains under climate-resilient farming systems in Pakistan. A quantitative experimental research design was employed, involving 30 wheat genotypes, including CRISPR-edited and non-edited control lines, tested across replicated field trials. Grain samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and data were evaluated through descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and regression analysis. The results revealed a significant increase in Zn and Fe concentrations in CRISPR/Cas-edited wheat compared to control varieties. Statistical analysis confirmed that gene editing had a strong positive effect on micronutrient accumulation, with iron showing a comparatively higher enhancement response. The findings further indicated that climate-resilient farming practices positively supported nutrient expression in genetically improved wheat lines. The study concludes that CRISPR/Cas technology offers a viable and sustainable solution for addressing micronutrient deficiencies in staple crops. It is recommended that genome editing be integrated into national biofortification and food security strategies to combat hidden hunger in developing countries.