EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS ON MARINE, TERRESTRIAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS AT GWADAR AND HUB, BALOCHISTAN

Abstract

Coal-fired power plants remain a significant source of energy in Pakistan, yet their ecological consequences pose serious challenges to environmental sustainability and public health. This study evaluates the impacts of coal-based energy production in Gwadar and Hub, two rapidly developing regions of Balochistan. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the research investigates the effects on marine ecosystems, terrestrial environments, and human communities. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted, combining quantitative environmental sampling with qualitative socio-economic assessments. Findings highlight that emissions and effluents from coal combustion contribute to air and water pollution, leading to degradation of coastal biodiversity, soil contamination, and increased respiratory and waterborne health risks among local populations. Comparative analysis between Gwadar and Hub reveals variations in ecological vulnerability shaped by geographic, industrial, and socio-economic factors. The study underscores the urgent need for stronger environmental regulations, adoption of cleaner technologies, and community-centered mitigation strategies to balance energy demands with ecological preservation. Ultimately, the research contributes to the discourse on sustainable energy transitions in Pakistan, emphasizing the importance of protecting fragile coastal and terrestrial ecosystems while safeguarding human well-being.