RIGHTS ON PAPER, CHILDHOODS AT RISK: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PAKISTAN’S CHILD PROTECTION LAWS UNDER INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Abstract

Despite the presence of a comprehensive legal framework, children in Pakistan continue to face exploitation, abuse, and neglect across multiple domains. This study critically examines Pakistan’s child protection regime in relation to its international obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Using a qualitative doctrinal and socio-legal methodology, the research analyses constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and recent academic and institutional literature, supplemented by illustrative case evidence from the Pakistani context. The findings reveal a persistent and systemic implementation gap driven by weak institutional capacity, fragmented governance structures, socio-economic inequalities, and deeply embedded cultural norms. While Pakistan demonstrates formal legal compliance, the realization of child rights remains largely symbolic rather than substantive. The study argues that effective child protection requires a multidimensional approach that integrates legal enforcement, socio-economic reform, and cultural transformation. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at bridging the gap between legal commitments and lived realities.