MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBFS): A REVIEW

Abstract

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is an industrial by-product from iron production with significant potential to enhance concrete performance while promoting sustainability. This review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed literature on the mechanical properties of GGBFS-modified concrete, including compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and durability characteristics. Evidence from 70+ studies demonstrates that GGBFS replacement at optimal levels (10–50% by cement mass) significantly improves long-term mechanical performance, reduces permeability, and enhances chloride and sulfate resistance. Early-age strength development is typically delayed but compensated by superior late-age performance. The review identifies key parameters influencing mechanical properties, compares methodological approaches, and highlights research gaps in performance prediction, extreme temperature exposure, and synergistic effects with emerging fiber technologies.