COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS FOR ANALYZING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES

Abstract

This study compares parametric and non-parametric methods for analyzing academic performance differences based on gender and study time, using GPA as the outcome variable. Independent t-tests and ANOVA were used alongside Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Descriptive analysis showed that female students and those studying more than two hours daily had slightly higher GPAs. Assumption tests confirmed normality and homogeneity of variances, validating the use of parametric techniques. Although no statistically significant differences were found, both methods consistently indicated a positive trend between study time and GPA. The findings highlight methodological consistency across test types and underscore the practical influence of study habits, even in the absence of strong statistical significance.