IMPACT OF THE 2025 PAKISTAN FLOODS ON AGRICULTURE, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND ECOSYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES

Abstract

The 2025 monsoon floods in Pakistan represent one of the most severe climate-induced disasters in the country's history, causing unprecedented devastation across agriculture, ecosystems, and public health. This review article examines the multifaceted impacts of the floods, highlighting massive agricultural losses, outbreaks of waterborne and vector-borne diseases, and severe disruption to ecosystems. Data from NDMA, FAO, WHO, and WWF indicate that over 12 million people were affected, with significant destruction of crops, health infrastructure, and biodiversity. Challenges such as climate change, weak disaster management systems, and inadequate urban planning have amplified vulnerabilities. Mitigation strategies discussed include climate-resilient agriculture, improved early warning systems, health preparedness, ecosystem restoration, and policy reforms. This study underscores the urgent need for integrated approaches to disaster resilience and climate adaptation in Pakistan