BRIDGING THE GAP: EXPLORING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE AND WOMEN'S ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL PAKISTAN

Abstract

The rapid growth of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has created new opportunities for education, health, and economic participation. Yet, gendered barriers to digital access remain acute in low- and middle-income countries. This study examined the digital divide among rural women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, with a focus on levels of access and use, socio-cultural and economic barriers, enabling factors, and strategies for inclusion. A qualitative exploratory design was adopted. Data were collected from 50 participants: 32 women in four focus group discussions (FGDs), 12 women with partial digital access through in-depth interviews (IDIs), and six key informants (KIIs) including teachers, Lady Health Workers (LHWs), and community elders. Data were transcribed, translated, and analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s framework. Findings revealed that women’s engagement with technology was constrained by limited device ownership, male-controlled access, low literacy, affordability challenges, and weak infrastructure. Usage was typically confined to basic communication and occasional health information. Socio-cultural norms often stigmatized phone use, particularly among younger or newly married women. Despite these challenges, participants expressed motivation to learn and use technology. Supportive family members, peers, and trusted intermediaries emerged as critical enablers. The study concluded that rural women’s digital exclusion is driven by intersecting structural and cultural barriers, but opportunities exist for change. Feasible strategies include affordable device access, low-cost connectivity, community-based training, male engagement, and safe digital hubs. Policy interventions should integrate infrastructure, skills, and social norm change to promote gender-equitable digital inclusion.