SDG 13 PROGRESS ASSESSMENT: PAKISTAN’S POSITION IN GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION INDEX (2015–2025)

Abstract

This study evaluates Pakistan’s progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13) Climate Action over the period 2015–2025, with a focus on its performance in global climate indices, including the Global Climate Risk Index and the Climate Change Performance Index. Using a comprehensive secondary data approach, the research examines trends in greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy adoption, climate finance mobilization, policy implementation, and disaster resilience. Findings indicate that Pakistan has made incremental progress in renewable energy deployment and ecosystem restoration, exemplified by initiatives such as the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programed and the National Adaptation Plan. However, the country remains highly vulnerable to climate hazards, including floods, heatwaves, and glacial melting, which have periodically undermined policy effectiveness and global index performance. Institutional weaknesses, limited climate financing, technological gaps, and socioeconomic constraints, such as poverty and political instability, further hinder SDG 13 achievement. Comparative analysis with South Asian peers reveals both strengths, including low per-capita emissions, and gaps in adaptation infrastructure and early-warning systems. The study concludes that while Pakistan demonstrates policy commitment and moderate mitigation success, accelerated, coordinated, and multi-sectoral action is essential to achieve SDG 13 targets by 2030. Policy recommendations emphasize strengthening institutional governance, expanding renewable energy and adaptation infrastructure, mobilizing climate finance, promoting technology transfer, fostering community engagement, and integrating climate action with socioeconomic development. This research provides a comprehensive assessment of Pakistan’s climate performance, offering evidence-based insights for policymakers, scholars, and development practitioners to enhance climate resilience and sustainability.