IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE POPULATION DENSITY OF GREY FRANKOLINS (FRANCOLINUS FRANCOLINUS) AND BLACK FRANCOLINS (FRANCOLINUS PONDICERIANUS) IN LAKKI MARWAT, PAKISTAN

Abstract

Understanding the ecological determinants of avian population dynamics is crucial for effective wildlife management and conservation. Although black and grey francolins (Francolinus francolinus and Francolinus pondicerianus) are currently classified as species of Least Concern by the IUCN, their populations are increasingly threatened by urbanization. This study investigates the effects of urbanization on the population density of francolins in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Field observations, systematic surveys, and remote sensing techniques were employed to collect data from both urban and rural habitats with varying levels of urban development. A total of 100 field observations, 50 structured questionnaires, and 20 satellite images were analyzed over a six-month period. Local residents and hunters were interviewed to assess population trends and habitat utilization, while satellite imagery was used to examine land-use changes and habitat fragmentation. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses (t-tests, ANOVA) revealed a significant decline in francolin population density in urbanized areas compared to rural regions. These findings highlight the adverse impact of urban expansion on francolin populations and emphasize the need for targeted conservation strategies to mitigate habitat loss and ensure the long-term persistence of these species in the region.