MARITIME GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: LEGAL AND POLICY CHALLENGES IN 2025-26

Abstract

Maritime governance has become a critical component of international relations, reflecting the intersection of law, security, and economic strategy in the 21st century. With increasing competition over strategic sea lanes, territorial waters, and the blue economy, states face complex legal and policy challenges that demand effective governance frameworks. The study addresses these contemporary issues, focusing on the evolving dynamics of maritime law, state responsibility, and regional cooperation in 2025-26. The purpose of this research is to examine how legal frameworks, including international conventions and national maritime laws, shape governance and strategic decision-making, while assessing the challenges posed by emerging security threats, climate change, and technological developments. The study aims to identify gaps in current governance mechanisms and offer insights for policy improvement. A qualitative case study examines key maritime regions and chokepoints, analyzing treaties, national laws, policies, and organizational reports to evaluate governance frameworks and legal responses. The findings highlight that while international law provides a foundation for maritime governance, inconsistencies in national implementation, emerging security threats, and overlapping jurisdictions limit effectiveness. Effective governance requires enhanced cooperation, updated legal frameworks, and adaptive policies capable of responding to technological and environmental challenges. The study underscores the importance of integrating law, policy, and strategic foresight to ensure secure, sustainable, and cooperative maritime governance in the contemporary era.