HYDROGEOLOGICAL MODELING OF AQUIFER SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Groundwater, the planet's largest accessible freshwater reserve, faces escalating depletion due to urbanization, agriculture (consuming ~70% of supplies), and climate change, with global demand projected to rise 20–30% by 2050. This review synthesizes advances in hydrogeological modeling for sustainable aquifer management, tracing the evolution from analytical to numerical and hybrid AI-integrated frameworks. Key governing equations, such as the 3D saturated flow model based on Darcy's Law and mass conservation, underpin simulations in tools like MODFLOW (finite-difference) and FEFLOW (finite-element), each suited to specific complexities (e.g., regional vs. multi-physics). Essential data inputs include hydraulic properties (conductivity, transmissivity), piezometric levels, and recharge/discharge patterns, while managed aquifer recharge (MAR) emerges as a critical intervention, enhanced by machine learning for site optimization and performance prediction. Challenges like seawater intrusion, land subsidence, and model uncertainty are addressed through socio-hydrogeological integration and participatory governance aligned with SDGs. Future directions emphasize coupled Earth system models and global intercomparisons (e.g., ISIMIP) to mitigate overexploitation and ensure resilience in interconnected human-water systems.