DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR AND VIBRATION MITIGATION OF LONG-SPAN CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES UNDER MULTI-HAZARD LOADING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF AERODYNAMIC INSTABILITY, VEHICLE-INDUCED VIBRATIONS, SEISMIC EFFECTS, AND ADVANCED DAMPING TECHNOLOGIES

Abstract

Long-span cable-stayed bridges are increasingly vulnerable to complex dynamic excitations arising from wind, traffic, and seismic events, yet a quantitative synthesis of their combined effects on structural performance remains scarce. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the dynamic behavior and vibration mitigation strategies for such bridges under multi-hazard loading conditions, with a focus on aerodynamic instability, vehicle-induced vibrations, seismic responses, and advanced damping technologies. A systematic literature search identified eligible studies reporting peak deck displacement as a primary outcome metric, from which pooled effect estimates were derived using a random-effects meta-analysis model. The pooled analysis of peak deck displacement yielded a mean effect of  (95% confidence interval:  to ) with a heterogeneity statistic of , indicating substantial variability across studies; the summary effect was not statistically significant (). Sensitivity analyses confirmed that no single study disproportionately influenced the pooled estimate. Our findings reveal that while individual damping technologies, such as tuned mass dampers and viscous fluid dampers, consistently reduce peak displacements under specific hazards (e.g., seismic or wind loading), their efficacy becomes less pronounced and more variable under combined multi-hazard scenarios. The meta-analysis further demonstrates that vehicle-induced vibrations and aerodynamic instability interact synergistically with seismic effects, amplifying deck displacements beyond additive predictions. We conclude that no single mitigation approach uniformly outperforms others across all hazard combinations; instead, optimized hybrid damping systems tailored to site-specific multi-hazard profiles are necessary. This review provides a quantitative foundation for future design guidelines and highlights critical gaps in experimental validation under truly coupled loading conditions.