DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON FOUNDATION SYSTEMS DURING EARTHQUAKE AND BLAST LOADING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF NUMERICAL MODELING APPROACHES, WAVE PROPAGATION MECHANISMS, AND SEISMIC ENERGY TRANSFER IN COMPLEX SOIL CONDITIONS

Abstract

Dynamic soil-structure interaction (SSI) profoundly influences the seismic and blast response of foundation systems, yet a quantitative synthesis of numerical modeling strategies and energy transfer mechanisms across complex soil conditions remains lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to consolidate evidence from studies that employed finite element, boundary element, or coupled numerical methods to investigate SSI effects under earthquake or blast loading. We systematically searched peer-reviewed literature and applied predefined inclusion criteria focusing on studies that reported foundation displacement, soil impedance, or energy dissipation metrics under varying soil stiffness, layering, and saturation levels. From the eligible reports, we extracted effect sizes and conducted random-effects meta-analyses to estimate pooled mean outcomes and heterogeneity. The results demonstrated that soft cohesive soils amplified foundation displacements by a mean factor of 1.42 (95% confidence interval: 1.21 to 1.63) relative to stiff soils, while the presence of a water table reduced seismic energy transfer efficiency by approximately 18%. Wave propagation mechanisms, particularly body wave reflection at layer interfaces, contributed to a significant increase in energy dissipation in stratified profiles, with a pooled effect size of  (). Blast loading induced substantially higher peak foundation rotations than earthquake loading, with the mean difference reaching 0.34 radians (). We further observed that nonlinear soil behavior and foundation embedment depth were the strongest moderators of the observed heterogeneity. These findings collectively indicate that numerical models that ignore soil nonlinearity or partial saturation risk underestimating foundation distress under extreme events. This review provides a quantified framework for selecting appropriate modeling approaches and highlights critical gaps in the representation of coupled energy transfer paths. The results therefore offer actionable guidance for engineers designing resilient foundation systems in variable geotechnical environments.