DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION, HABITAT UTILIZATION, AND THREATS TO ALECTORIS CHUKAR IN DISTRICT KOHAT

Abstract

The Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar), the national bird of Pakistan, is an ecologically important galliform species inhabiting rocky and mountainous landscapes. This study investigated the distribution, population status, habitat utilization, and major threats affecting A. chukar in District Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Field surveys were conducted from January to May 2024 using line transects, point counts, direct observations, and indirect evidence, including vocalizations, feathers, and fecal droppings. Questionnaire surveys were also conducted to assess habitat preferences and perceived threats. A total of 246 individuals were recorded across four study zones, with the highest abundance observed in Zone D (44.5%), followed by Zones B (30.2%), C (20.8%), and A (4.9%). The species showed a strong preference for rocky habitats with dense shrubby vegetation, while urbanized and highly disturbed areas supported significantly lower populations. Habitat destruction (87.9%), illegal hunting (75.8%), increasing human population (69.7%), and bird capturing (48.5%) were identified as the principal threats to the species, whereas natural predation by jackals and foxes had comparatively lower impacts. The findings demonstrate that habitat quality is the primary factor influencing the distribution and abundance of A. chukar in District Kohat. Effective conservation measures, including habitat protection and restoration, enforcement of wildlife protection laws, regulation of illegal hunting, and community-based conservation initiatives, are essential to ensure the long-term survival of this ecologically and culturally significant species.